Global South

The article examines the key characteristics of the Global South and the Global East and their respective roles in transforming the international relations system. Particular emphasis is placed on the common tendencies manifested in their pursuit of political sovereignty, diversification of external economic relations, expansion of participation in global governance institutions, and advancement of the principles of equality, justice, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states.

This article examines the evolution of China’s foreign policy strategy in the energy sector against the backdrop of Western consolidation and expanding sanctions pressure on Global South countries. It explores the mechanisms through which China leverages Western sanctions to enhance its own energy security and shape an alternative international relations architecture. Particular attention is paid to the impact of Western sanctions imposed on Global South states on China’s foreign policy planning.