The article analyzes the problem of civilizational choice of Russia and its alternative in the political development. The author describes concepts of the alternatives in Russian political science and shows implementation of the alternatives on akey stages of the history of the country. Author analyzes the combination of European and Russian ways in the politics of modern Russia.
The article examines the role of European left parties in the politics of their countries and the European Union. The author of the article examines the main types of European left parties, their program goals and the electorate.
