The article is devoted to the study of the problem of ensuring spiritual and moral security in the political programs of the parties included in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the eighth convocation. The analysis of program documents of political parties published on the offi cial websites of political organizations and public authorities was carried out. The actual approaches of political parties to the problems of ensuring spiritual and moral security and the fundamental ways of their resolution are revealed.
The article examines the role of European left parties in the politics of their countries and the European Union. The author of the article examines the main types of European left parties, their program goals and the electorate.
