The article examines the views on the “Ukrainian question” and the foundations of Russian statehood among prominent representatives of the Russian post-October emigration of the 1920–1930s. Arguments are presented to substantiate the complexity of the Ukrainian problem and the “Ukrainian question,” which had been actively discussed by Russian public opinion since the mid-19th century, long before the events of 1917. It is shown that the “Ukrainian question,” accompanied by heated debates about the real and imaginary roots of Ukrainian identity, pan-Russian culture and the problem of Ukrainian separatism, the Ukrainian language and, was one of the most actively discussed issues in the Russian post-October émigré community. The phenomenon of “Ukrainianism” is examined, which, according to émigré authors, represented an ideology of Ukrainian separatism, a means of self-affi mation, and an anti-Russian project based on the belief in a distinct Ukrainian people who had little in common with the Russian people. A comparative analysis was conducted of various interpretations within the Russian diaspora of the causes and consequences of forced “Ukrainization” in Ukraine after the creation of the Ukrainian SSR, as well as possible solutions to the problem of Russian-Ukrainian relations. It was established that most émigré authors, while noting the historical and cultural unity of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples, warned of the dangers of Ukrainian separatism and the imposition of a “Ukrainian culture” constructed by “Ukrainizers,” which would be detrimental, first and foremost, to Ukraine and Ukrainian culture.