The article examines the key characteristics of the Global South and the Global East and their respective roles in transforming the international relations system. Particular emphasis is placed on the common tendencies manifested in their pursuit of political sovereignty, diversification of external economic relations, expansion of participation in global governance institutions, and advancement of the principles of equality, justice, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. At the same time, the study identifies significant lines of division arising from competition for regional and global leadership, differences in socio-economic development, contradictions in national interests, and various approaches to the institutionalization of alternative power centers. The countries of the Global South are characterized by their aspiration to overcome inequality, reduce dependence on former metropoles, and integrate into the global economy on more equitable terms. While the Global East focuses on strengthening civilizational identity, developing scientifi c and technological potential, and achieving institutional self-sufficiency. The analysis demonstrates that the categories “Global South” and “Global East” were shaped by different historical factors and display distinct developmental features, which justifies studying them separately. At the same time, the identified points of convergence and shared patterns of response to global challenges allow for their examination in conjunction. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of their place and role in the ongoing transformation of the international order.