внешняя политика

Studies of foreign policy orientations of Russians are extremely signifi cant for modern Russian society and require comprehensive analysis in the context of ongoing transformations of the world order. To carry out separate and independent foreign policy, it is necessary to support it from the population, to form of stable foreign policy orientations, and current ideas about the ongoing foreign policy of the Russian Federation on the part of the representatives of various social groups.

The current study examines transformation of German security and defense policy after the speech of Chancellor O. Scholz in Bundestag on February 27, 2022, announcing the “Change of Epochs” – a new era in German foreign and defense policy. Germany’s security and defense policy was characterized by stability and predictability for a long time and has currently reached the stage of evolutionary transition. It is embodied in the shift in the perception of goals and objectives of Bundeswehr and in the release of the first National security strategy.

The article considers the features of the functioning of early models of the Russian foreign policy mechanism. With this in mind, in the process of research, institutional, historical-genetic and activity methods have been applied. On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the traditional features of domestic systems for making and implementing foreign policy decisions that functioned within the framework of the Ancient Russian State, the Moscow State and the Russian Empire have been characterized.

Процесс принятия внешнеполитических ре-
шений в США представляет собой очень слож-
ное взаимодействие самых различных сил аме-
риканского истэблишмента. Помимо основных
игроков на политической арене – республикан-
цев и демократов, придерживающихся традици-
онных правил игры, в формирование внешней
политики регулярно и очень активно вмешива-
ются представители лоббистских группировок,
чье участие зачастую не совпадает с общими
трендами.
Ярким примером такого вмешательства лоб-

Problem theoretical aspects of the study of the foreign policy mechanism have been considered. Approaches of researchers have been offered. It was shown that the foreign policy mechanism is in the form of the political system, which provides the definition of the goals, objectives, priorities and directions of the foreign policy, and the allocation of resources for its implementation. The elements of foreign policy mechanism are divided into constitutional (state bodies) and extra-constitutional (political parties, NGOs, economic structures, public opinion).

The article is devoted to the study of the content of the positions of Russian political parties on the issues of settlement of international crises and internal armed internationalized conflicts directly affecting the interests of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the party programmatics during the election campaigns of 2016–2018 and at the present stage has demonstrated a significant interest of parliamentary and other parties in carrying out effective foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation in this area.

The article reviews the basics of the concept of “soft power”, which is actively used by the United States to promote its interests in the essential country of Southeastern Asia – the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Basing on studying of materials of Executive authorities of the United States, such as the State Department and the U.S.

Strategic culture, as a phenomenon and a concept, was not taken seriously for a long time. Today, western researchers understand that strategic culture has a direct impact on political decision-making process in foreign policy. The study of the strategic culture of France, Germany, and China can help to optimize the Russian policy on the world stage.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the reasons and a number of areas of cooperation between Russia and China in the Arctic region. The importance of this region for Russia and China is analyzed. The advantages of the Arctic for the two countries in terms of territory, economy, and politics are revealed. The conclusion is made about the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the exacerbation of the crisis of political and economic relations between China, Russia, and the United States.