The article examines the socio-demographic aspects in various works by the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov. The problem of preserving and increasing the population, which was relevant during M. V. Lomonosov's time, becomes particularly urgent in the context of the current demographic crisis in Russia. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the scientist's socio-demographic views on this issue. The author focuses on analyzing M. V. Lomonosov's proposals and ideas aimed at solving demographic and migration issues. The analysis reveals that M. V. Lomonosov paid special attention to the issues of birth rates, mortality rates, and population migration, and proposed specific measures to address these demographic challenges. M. V. Lomonosov also developed the fi rst demographic policy in Russia. The study presents the author's vision of M. V. Lomonosov's migration policy in three main areas: the settlement and development of sparsely populated territories in the North, Siberia, and the Far East, the attraction of immigrants from Europe, and the solution of the problem of emigration of peasants and schismatics. Many of M. V. Lomonosov's ideas on solving demographic problems in Russia are still relevant today. He investigated the idea of using international population migration as a way to increase the population, as well as the idea of returning the Old Believers. M. V. Lomonosov also paid special attention to improving the quality of the population, fostering spiritual and moral values, and promoting reproductive attitudes, which are highly relevant in modern demography. The article also provides insights into M. V. Lomonosov's work with population data sources and highlights the demographic aspects of his historical writings.